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De Galbraith à New Science of Politics

No plano das ideias, no ano da morte de Croce, Dewey, Maurras, Santayana e Pascoaes, o professor de Harvard John Kenneth Galbraith teoriza o American Capitalism, analisando o conceito de poder compensador (countervailling power) e Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908- ) lança, pela UNESCO, Race et Histoire.

Galbraith, analisando a concentração económica crescente do capitalismo americano, gerador de grandes monopólios privados, considera que, face a esse poder económico privado, surge o poder compensador dos que estão submetidos a esse poder, nomeadamente o de grupos com poder de veto, como, por exemplo, as associações de consumidores. O conceito tem a ver com ideia de contrapesos, originária de Montesquieu, com a faculté d’empêcher, típica do modelo de checks and balances, expresso por James Madison, onde se proclamava o equilíbrio das facções como essencial para a democracia.

Já J. L. Talmon em The Rise of Totalitarian Democracy, invocando aquela nova forma de opressão diversa do despotismo e da tirania, profetizada por Tocqueville, estuda as origens do messianismo político do século XVIII e o improviso jacobino, colocando Rousseau como o mestre da democracia totalitária, juntamente com Robespierre, Saint-Just e Babeuf.

Destaca-se também a edição de The New Science of Politics, de Eric Voegelin, onde propõe uma nova ciência da política, em pleno auge daquele behaviorismo que teria transformado a ciência política num instrumento do poder e numa apologia dos seus princípios. Faz-se um ataque cerrado ao peso da herança positivista que teria feito deslocar o esforço científico da teoria para o método, quando importava voltar à consciência dos princípios, a uma ciência cristã e clássica do homem que teria sido prevertida por quatro super-homens, o progressista de Condorcet, o positivista de Comte, o materialista de Marx e o dionisíaco de Nietzsche.

Agger, Robert E./ Goldrich, Daniel/ Swanson, Bert E.

The Rulers and the Ruled. Political Power and Impotence in American Communities, Nova York, John Wiley & Sons, 1964.

Allardt, Erik

Institutionnalized versus Diffuse Support of Radical Political Movements, Helsínquia, Institute of Sociology/University of Helsinki, 1964.

Allardt, Erik/ Littunen, Y.

Cleavages, Ideologies and Party Systems, Helsínquia, Bookstore, 1964 (reed., Glencoe, The Free Press of Glencoe,1970).

Anderson, William

Man’s Quest for Political Knowledge. The Study and Teaching of Politics in Ancient Times, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1964.

Apter, David

Ideology and Discontent, 1964

Aron, Raymond

De la Verité Historique des Philosophies Politiques,1964

La Lutte de Classes. Nouvelles Leçons sur la Societé Industrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 1964

Barthes, Roland

Eléments de Sémiologie, 1964

Barzun, Jacques

Of Human Freedom, Filadélfia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1964 (trad. port. Da Liberdade Humana, Rio de Janeiro, Zahar Editores, 1965).

Bayle, Jean-Louis Loube Del

Les Non-Conformists des Années Trente. Une Tentative de Renouvellement de la Pensée Politique Française, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1964.

Beauffre, André

Dissuasion et Stratégie, Paris, Librairie Armand Colin, 1964.

Beer, Samuel H./ Ulam, Adam B.

Comparative Government, Nova York, Random House Publishers, 1964.

Bendix, Reinhard

Nation-Building and Citizenship. Studies of Our Changing Social Order, Nova York, John Wiley & Sons, 1964.

Beneyto, Juan

Historia de las Doctrinas Políticas, Madrid, Aguilar, 1964.

Berger, Gaston

Phénoménologie du temps et prospective, 1964

Birch, Anthony H.

Representative and Responsible Government. An Essay on the British Constitution; 1964 (reed. Londres, Allen & Unwin, 1972).

Blau, Peter M.

Exchange and Power in Social Life, Nova York, John Wiley & Sons, 1964.

Bottomore, Tom B.

Elites and Society, Londres, C. A. Watts, 1964 (reed., Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1973).

Bourdieu, Pierre

Déracinement, 1964

Bouthoul, Gaston

Surpopulation dans le Monde, 1964

Burnham, James

Suicide of the West. An Essay on the Meaning and Destiny of Liberalism, 1964 (reed., Londres, Regnery Gateway, 1985).

Callois, Roger

Instincts et Societé, 1964

Cardis, F.

Fédéralisme et Intégration Européenne, Lausanne, 1964.

Cerroni, Umberto

Teorie sovietiche del Diritto, 1964

Cohen, Bernard

Geography and Politics in a Divided World, 1964

Colombo, Arturo

Metodologia e Storia nelle Dottrine Politiche. Richerche e problemi, Milão, Giuffrè Editori, 1964.

Crick, Bernard

In Defence of Politics, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1964 (trad. port. Em Defesa da Política, Brasília, Editora da Universidade de Brasília, 1981).

Dumont, Louis

Civilisation Indienne, 1964

Durand, Gilbert

L’Imagination ique, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.

Duverger, Maurice

Introduction à la Politique, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1964.

Edelman, Murray

The ic Use of Politics, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1964.

Eldersveld, Samuel J.

Political Parties. A Behavioural Analysis, Chicago, Rand MacNally & Co., 1964.

Etzioni, Amitai

Social Change, Modern Organization, 1964

Evola, Giulius Cesare Andrea

Chevaucher le Tigre, 1964

Fanon, Frantz

Pour la Révolution Africaine. Écrits Politiques, Paris, Maspero, 1964

Farine, P.

L’Europe en Devenir, Paris, 1964.

Flynn, John T.

O Mito Roosevelt, trad. port., Lisboa, Edições Meridiano, 1964.

Forsthoff, Ernst

Rechtsstaat im Wandel, Estugarda, 1964.

Fromm, Erich

Heart of Man, The, 1964

Fulbright, J. W.

Old Myths and New Realities, 1964

Furtado, Celso

Dialética do Desenvolvimento, 1964

Garcia-Pelayo, Manuel

Mitos y Simbolos Politicos, 1964 (trad. it. Miti e Simboli Politici, Turim, Borla, 1970).

Gellner, Ernest

Thought and Change, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1964.

Grawitz, Madeleine/ Pinto, Roger

Méthodes des Sciences Sociales, Paris, Éditions Dalloz, 1964.

Haas, Ernest B.

Beyond the Nation-State. Functionalism and International Organization, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1964.

Hamon, L./ Mabileau, A.

La Personnalisation du Pouvoir, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1964.

Hintze, Otto

Soziologie und Geschichte, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlag, 1964.

Janowitz, M.

The Military in the Political Development of New Nations, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Kirchheimer, Otto

Politik und Verfassung, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp Verlag, 1964.

Koestler, Arthur

Art (The) of Creation, Nova Iorque, Macmillan, 1964

Kohn, Hans

Living in a World Revolution. My Encounters with History, Nova Iorque, Trident press, 1964

Kruger, Herbert

Allgemeines Staatslehre, Estugarda, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 1964.

Lakoff, A.

Equality in Political Philosophy, Cambridge Massachussetts, Harvard University Press, 1964.

Lapalombra, Joseph

Interest Groups in Italian Politics, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1964.

Leibholz, Gerhard

Conceptos Fundamentales de la Politica y de la Teoría de la Constitucion, trad. cast., Instituto de Estudios Politicos, Madrid, 1964.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude

Mythologiques. Le Cru et le Cuit, Paris, Librairie Plon, 1964.

Maciver, Robert Morrison

Pursuit of Happiness, The, 1964

March, James G., Ed.

Handbook of Organizations, Chicago, Rand MacNally & Co., 1964.

Marchal, André

L’Europe Solidaire, Paris, 1964.

Marcuse, Herbert

Ideologia da Sociedade Industrial, 1964 (reed., Rio de Janeiro, Zahar Editores, 1969).

Mcfaden, J.

Filosofia do Comunismo, 2ª ed., Fulton Sheen, pref., trad. port., Lisboa, União Gráfica, 1964.

Mcluhan, Marshall

Pour Comprendre les Médias, trad. fr., Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1964.

Moltmann, Jürgen

Teologia de la Esperanza [ed. orig. 1964], trad. cast., Salamanca, Ediciones Sígueme, 1989.

Moose, G. L.

The Crisis of German Ideology. Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, Nova York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1964.

N'krumah, Kwame

Le Conscientisme. Philosophie et Idéologie pour la Décolonization et le Développement, Paris, 1964.

Pallieri, Giorgio Balladore

Dottrina dello Stato, Pádua, CEDAM, 1964 (trad. port. A Doutrina do Estado, 2 vols., Coimbra, Coimbra Editora, 1969).

Pfaff, William

The Politcs of Hysteria. The Sources of Twentieth-Century Conflict, Nova York, 1964.

Rapoport, Anatol

Strategy and Conscience, Nova York, Harper & Row, 1964.

Real, Alberto Ramon

Las Ideologias Politico-Sociales. Su Pretendida Declinación, Montevideo, 1964.

Renner, Karl

Die Nation. Mythos und Wirklichkeit, Viena, 1964.

Robles, José Maria Gil

Por un Estado de Derecho, Barcelona, Ediciones Ariel, 1964.

Sartori, Giovanni

Partiti e Sistemi di Partiti, Florença, Editrice Universitaria, 1964-1965 (trad. ing. Parties and Party Systems, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1976; trad. cast. Partidos y Sistemas de Partidos, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1980).

Sartre, Jean Paul

Mots, 1964

Schweinitz, Karl

Industrialization and Democracy, Glencoe, The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.

Senghor, Léopold Sédar

Liberté, Négritude et Humanisme, 2 vols., Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1964.

Shklar, Judith N.

Legalism, 1964

Smelser, Neil Joseph

Toward a Theory of Modernizatiob, 1964

Somit, Albert/ Tanenhaus, Joseph

American Political Science. A Profile of a Discipline, Nova York, Atherton Press, 1964.

Sorauf, Franck J.

Political Parties in the American System, Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1964.

Sorokin

Basic Trends of Our Time, 1964

Strauss, Leo

City (The) and Man, Chicago, Rand Mac Nally, 1964

Tilly, Charles

Vendée (The), 1964

Tinder, Glenn

The Crisis of Political Imagination, Nova York, Scribners, 1964.

Truman, David

The Governamental Process, 1964

Ulam, Adam B.

The Unfinished Revolution, Nova York, Vintage Books, 1964 (trad. port., Os Bolcheviques. História Política, Intelectual e Biográfica da Revolução Russa e dos seus Líderes, Lisboa, Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1970).

Voyenne, Bernard

Histoire de l’Idée Européenne, Paris, Librairie Payot, 1964.

Weber, Eugen

L’Action Française, Paris, Éditions Stock, 1964.